Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced. [1] These earliest human migrants are Australo-Melanesians associated with the Hoabinhian cultureand have populated the highlands . [citation needed]. A new constitution was adopted in 1991 and enshrined a "leading role" for the LPRP. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. Additionally, many elite and French-educated Lao immigrated to nations such as the United States and France to escape government persecution. [112] Laos is an origin country for sexually trafficked persons. Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? The most popular place to visit in Laos, Luang Prabang is an historic city that once served as the capital of the Kingdom of Laos. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. "Effects of AFTA on poverty: Evidence from Laos. [90][91][92][93] The Thai foreign ministry has said that it will halt deportation of Hmong refugees held in Detention Centres in Nong Khai, while talks are underway to resettle them in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States. In fact, it feels more like a welcoming village, nestled in a bend of the Mekong River, Vientiane is dotted with temples and quirky, accessible attractions like the Buddha Park featuring surreal statues of the Buddha and the Monk Chat, a monthly opportunity to hang out with, you guessed it, monks. Overall, the country extends about 650 miles (1,050 km) from northwest to southeast. [38] France rescued King Oun Kham and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of French Indochina. Over the years, Vientiane has experienced civil wars, internal conflicts, and agitations which ultimately led to the freedom of Laos from French rule, and then from monarchial rule in 1975. [72], On 17 May 2014, Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Douangchay Phichit was killed in a plane crash, along with other top ranking officials. [176][177], Polygamy is officially a crime in Laos, though the penalty is minor. Major religion Buddhism. Vientiane, the capital city of Laos in the 1990s. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings Challenges and Methods", Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). [70] Laos was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2016. Laos is landlocked (it does not have a coast on a sea or ocean). Only 4% of the country is arable land and a mere 0.3% used as permanent crop land,[120] the lowest percentage in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Pakse. Vientiane is the largest city with an area of 3,920km and the most populous in Laos with a population of 562,244. The first bullet train to serve the high-speed Laos-China railway sits in a rail station in the Lao capital Vientiane, Oct. 16, 2021. Evidence for modern human presence in the northern and central highlands of Indochina, that constitute the territories of the modern Laotian nation-state dates back to the Lower Paleolithic. [78] Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities. Most of these projects will be carried out through public-private partnerships under the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model as the government is encouraging the private sector . It was built in 1556, when the capital was moved from Luang Prabang to Vientiene, and took 6 years to complete. [155] The National University of Laos is the Lao state's public university. These include the Presidential Palace and the National Assembly of Laos. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. He later died under suspicious circumstances in a re-education camp. The khaen traditionally accompanied the singer in mor lam, the dominant style of folk music. [27] Burial jars and other kinds of sepulchers suggest a complex society in which bronze objects appeared around 1500 BC, and iron tools were known from 700 BC. . In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in Laos's economy, having invested in US$5.395billion since 1989, according to Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 19892014 report. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". The first Lao kingdom, called Lan Xang or "land of the million elephants," was founded by Fa Ngum in 1353. [97] The organisation also raised concerns in relation to freedom of expression, poor prison conditions, restrictions on freedom of religions, protection of refugees and asylum-seekers, and the death penalty. With an estimated population of 760,000 in 2015, the city is also the most populous in the nation. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. The capital city has more of a small town feel than that of a capital. [76], In 1989, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), with the support of the US government, instituted the Comprehensive Plan of Action, a programme to stem the tide of Indochinese refugees from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. Photo: Tango7174, CC BY-SA 4.0. The Mekong River is vital as a transportation route for cargo and passengers, a source of electricity at dams, a water supply for crops, and a home to fish . settlement scattered around a Hindu temple. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. The land has a total area of 236,800 km (91,429 mi). In response, the United States initiated a bombing campaign against the PAVN positions, supported regular and irregular anti-communist forces in Laos, and supported Army of the Republic of Vietnam incursions into Laos. [139]:8 Electricity is available to 93% of the population. [15][16] Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's fastest growing economies by the World Bank with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009. The attack resulted in the RLA largely demobilising, leaving the conflict to irregular ethnic Hmong forces of the "Secret Army" backed by the United States and Thailand, and led by General Vang Pao. [84] Following threats of forcible removal by the Thai government, the United States, in a significant victory for the Hmong, agreed to accept 15,000 of the refugees in 2003. Laos is a part of the Southeast Asian region. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Laothe principal lowland inhabitants, and the politically and culturally dominant people of Laos. The close ties between Laos and Vietnam were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. [66][67] The incumbent head of government is Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone. Of the many beautiful Wats in Vientiane, a visit to Wat Sisaket is a must; built in 1818, this is one of the oldest temples in Vientiane. Set at the point where the Mekong and Nam Khan rivers meet, Luang Prabang stands in front of a backdrop of a magnificent hilltop temple. From the river bank inland, the three main roads run parallel to the river, while the . Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the Lua and Khmu people who are indigenous to Laos. 900-1300 AD - Most of Laos is subordinate to the Khmer Empire at Angkor. [50], In 1975 the Pathet Lao overthrew the royalist government, forcing King Savang Vatthana to abdicate on 2 December 1975. As a result, newly elected US president John F. Kennedy authorized the recruitment of ethnic minorities in Laos to participate in covert military operations against the spread of communism. [155] Government expenditure on health is about four percent of GDP,[155] about US$18 (PPP) in 2006. But around the 11th and 12th centuries, the Lao and Thai came from Southern China and overtook the area. Laos applied for membership of the World Trade Organization in 1997; on 2 February 2013, it was granted full membership. However, villages far from major roads can be reached only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. [121] The irrigated areas under cultivation account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. The International Monetary Fund ranked Laos 36th out of 42 Asian countries in 2018. Vientiane became one of the most important settlements in the kingdom, and in 1563 it became the kingdom's capital. 15. The organisation estimates that there are 173,800 French speakers in Laos (2010 est.). The city is Laos' capital and is located along the banks of the Mekong River. Calculating U.S. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. [150] Languages like Khmu (Austroasiatic) and Hmong (Hmong-Mien) are spoken by minorities, particularly in the midland and highland areas. Nearly three-quarters of Laos is covered in mountains and forested hills that are too steep to live on. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. [183] Since the start of the league, Lao Army F.C. [144], The people of Laos are often categorised by their distribution by elevation: (lowlands, midlands and upper high lands) as this somewhat correlates with ethnic groupings. Karen J, "House Panel Hears Concerns About Hmong", States News Service, 26 April 1994. [63], Laos is divided into 17 provinces (khoueng) and one prefecture (kampheng nakhon), which includes the capital city Vientiane (Nakhon Louang Viangchan). Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. The area was originally settled because of the fertility of the surrounding alluvial plains, and Vientiane became the capital city of Laos around the mid-16th century. The Lao government has been working with the International Rice Research Institute of the Philippines to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos. The main investor is Thailand. The major roads connecting to urban centres, in particular Route 13, have been significantly upgraded in recent years. In the late 19th century, Luang Prabang was ransacked by the Chinese Black Flag Army. Area 236,800 sq km (91,400 sq miles) Major languages Lao, French. "Patuxai is a war monument in the centre of Vientiane, Laos, which was built between 1957 and 1968. The area was originally settled because of the fertility of the surrounding alluvial plains, and Vientiane became the capital city of Laos around the mid 16th century. [75], Some Hmong groups fought as CIA-backed units on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War. [127] Of the potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, around 8,000 megawatts have been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam. Political power is centralized in the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. Browse 13,220 laos capital stock photos and images available, or search for laos culture or thailand to find more great stock photos and pictures. [80] Following the Vue Mai incident, debate over the Hmong's planned repatriation to Laos intensified greatly, especially in the United States, where it drew strong opposition from many American conservatives and some human rights advocates. 3,920 square kilometres and is located on the banks of the Mekong, close to the Thai border.Vientiane was the administrative capital . [25] Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national musical instrument, the khaen, a type of bamboo mouth organ that has prehistoric origins. The Patuxay was built in the heart of Lao capital during the 1950s and 1960s to commemorate martyrs who fought..View article. A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into slave-hunting raids on a large scale".[37]. [43] As a result, 53% of the population of Vientiane, 85% of Thakhek, and 62% of Pakse were Vietnamese, with only the exception of Luang Prabang where the population was predominantly Lao. Laos can be considered to consist of three geographical areas: north, central, and south. Get an insider's access to these Asia's exotic countries: Thailand, Vietnam and Laos.Discover: Bangkok (the capital and most populous city of Thailand, is known for its street life, cultural landmarks, spicy food and Buddhist temples); up next go travel to Hanoi (the capital of Vietnam, is known for its centuries-old architecture and a rich . Trekking in Luang Namtha Residents of Laos' capital Vientiane on October 16 witnessed the arrival of the first passenger high-speed train running on the new Laos-China railway line which will, after some test runs, come into full operation in December . [47][51] The royalists set up a government in exile in the United States. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. Amongst them, 100,000 Hmongs30% of the entire Hmong populationand 90% of all of Lao intellectuals, specialists, and officials. 3. Buddha park in Vientiane, Laos. Even the capital Vientiane feels like a relaxed riverfront town. [26] Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturist society developed during the 4th millennium BC. The capital of Laos is Vientiane, which was founded 13th century. Most of the population (63%) resides within . Collectively, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians. It is a political term that includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. Its first railway line, a short 3-km long metre-gauge railway that connects southern Vientiane to Thailand, only opened in 2009. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. It is produced by the Lao Brewery Company. The mountainous geography of Laos had impeded Laos's ground transportation development throughout the 20th century. [12] Its capital and largest city is Vientiane. [44] On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with Luang Prabang as its capital, but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 Khmer troops, conquered many Lao principalities in the Mekong river basin, culminating in the capture of Vientiane. The Lao subsequently established their own kingdom named the Lan Xang in 1354. Vientiane is located at 17.9757, 102.6331, at an elevation of 570 ft. The Capital City of Laos (officially named Lao People's Democratic Republic) is the city of Vientiane.The population of Vientiane in the year 2007 was 6,521,998. The constitution also contains provisions for gender equality, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of press and assembly. Updated on November 19, 2021. Vientiane has a total area of 3,920 square km and an average elevation of 174 m. The city experiences a tropical savanna climate. Life expectancy 65 years (men), 68 years (women) Currency kip . Laos locked down its capital and closed its international borders to most traffic Thursday after identifying a COVID-19 cluster connected to its bigger neighbor Thailand. Local tradition holds that there are three seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter two months of the climatologically defined dry season are noticeably hotter than the earlier four months. The small nation is bordered by China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia. As a low-income country, Laos faces a brain-drain problem as many educated people migrate to developed countries. Jaew. If you drive into town, you might not even realize when you're actually in the city proper, as Vientiane blends seamlessly with the countryside. Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. . Fa Ngum was born into the royal family in Muang Sua, the capital of a small state ruled by King Souvanna Khampong. In 2017, Laos suffered fiscal and monetary difficulties which resulted in low levels of foreign reserves. Southeast Asia is a region in the southern part of Asia that is composed of 11 countries: Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand . [62], The climate is mostly tropical savanna and influenced by the monsoon pattern. [123] Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. In 1990 only 8% of the rural population had access to improved sanitation. Laos will . [13] Because of its central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade and became wealthy economically and culturally. [156] Laos was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 113rd in 2020.[157][158][159][160][161]. Laos is a landlocked country on the Indo-Chinese peninsula between Thailand and Vietnam. Wat Sisaket, Luang, and Phra Keo are the three most . [96][97] In The Economist's Democracy Index 2016 Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine ASEAN nations included in the study. As the country opens up, with an increasing number of roads and bridges being built the tourist attractions are becoming more and more accessible. [45] When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince Phetsarath) declared Laotian independence, but by early-1946, French troops had reoccupied the country and conferred limited autonomy on Laos. [43] Otherwise, according to Martin Stuart-Fox, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country. [47] As of 22March2021[update] the head of state is President Thongloun Sisoulith. "Laos refuses to take back Thai-based Hmong refugees", Smith, Philip, Washington, D.C. (12 December 2014), Kyophilavong, Phouphet, et al. Laos produced tin, rubber, and coffee, but never accounted for more than one percent of French Indochina's exports. Pr-histria. Area 236,800 sq km (91,400 sq miles) Major languages Lao, French. Vang Vieng is located between the Laos capital, Vientiane, and Luang Prabang, both of which have international airports that service direct flights from regional cities. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. [164] One of the first commercial feature-length films was Sabaidee Luang Prabang, made in 2008. He has been General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, a position making him the de facto leader of Laos, since January 2021. [47][46], In 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA. [179] Only 3.5% of women and 2.1% of men between the ages of 1549 were in a polygamous union as of 2017. Between 1995 and 2008 approximately 1,232,900 more people had access to improved sanitation in rural areas. The king then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Prince Sisavang as representative to the Japanese. With one-party state status of Laos, the General Secretary (party leader) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the supreme leader. The small nation is bordered by China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia. [119] The economy receives development aid from the International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank, and other international sources; and also foreign direct investment for development of the society, industry, hydropower and mining (most notably of copper and gold). French is also used in public works in central and southern Laos and Luang Prabang and is a language of diplomacy and of the elite classes, higher professions and elders. The airport in Paske was completed in 2009 with one terminal for both international and domestic flights. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that monogamy is the principal form of marriage in the country. All things considered, it . One of the most problematic economic sectors in Laos is transport. [114][115][116], The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China. All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English-language daily Vientiane Times and the French-language weekly Le Rnovateur. Laos financed the remaining 30% with loans from . Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? 500 BC - The Plain of Jars, one of the most important prehistoric sites in Southeast Asia, dates from between 500 BC and 500 AD. Biggest Cities In Laos Vientiane . 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